The Nine and Thirty Kingdoms: Non-Human Races in Fantasy Lit

We all know that Tolkien invented the idea of non-human races in fantasy fiction, which in turn influenced D&D and other RPGs by bringing us the standard fantasy races of elf, dwarf, halfling, and orc/goblin. Before Tolkien, fantasy writers either focused on human characters only, especially in swords & sorcery, or they only used non-humans as monsters, fantastic beasts, mentors, or supernatural messengers.

But … do we really know that?

Someone’s question about swords & sorcery RPGs got me thinking about this.

For the Kiddies

Let’s start with the idea of human characters as the focus, with non-humans only appearing as mentors, messengers, or monsters. Or, to put it in RPG terms, humans are the only “PC race”, with things like goblins as “NPC only”. This seems to be mostly true of European fantasy written for children… except that there’s a lot of cases of talking animals, goblins and other “cute” monsters, or children transformed into dragons or other creatures that become companions or allies to human beings.

The best-known example, though not the oldest, is C. S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia. In the very first book, we have the fauns (Tumnus,) the talking beavers, and the centaurs. In later Narnia books, the Marsh-wiggles and the Dufflepuds show up as “original” fantasy races, although we could argue that Dufflepuds are just a variant of dwarves, which also show up in Narnia.

Some of the characters in Baum’s Oz books are unique rather than belonging to a “race” (Tin Woodsman, Scarecrow,) but we have loads of talking animal characters and odd races like the Quadlings.

Lewis Carroll’s books are definitely swarming with creatures that are treated no differently than human characters. I actually used to have a write-up for “Cheshire cat” as a playable race (although really, it was the Cheshire cat crossed with Puss in Boots.)

Weird Sorcery

In contrast, weird tales and swords & sorcery do in fact tend to focus on human characters only. Non-human “races” do exist, but are usually treated as antagonists or monsters. They are the challenge for a specific story, or the surprise at the end. They rarely reappear. We do have serpent-folk showing up in Clark Ashton Smith’s “The Seven Geases” or Robert E. Howard’s King Kull stories, hairy humanoids like Smith’s Voormis, or Lovecraft’s fish people (frog people?) in “The Doom That Came to Sarnath”.

Since all of these writers are pre-Tolkien and therefor could not be influenced by Tolkien, this might seem to support the theory that pulp fantasy, at least, did not have anything that could be considered a “playable race” when translated into an RPG. But while none of these authors read Tolkien, they did read Arthurian legend. We do see something similar to the Fae or elves in some weird fiction. Earliest I can think of is A. Merritt’s “The Women of the Wood”, where the fae-like people of the wood act more like the “surprise” mentioned earlier. Much later, though, Roger Zelazny’s Dilvish the Damned describes Dilvish as having a little elf-blood, and Dilvish has memories of a visit to his distant elven relatives.

But the more famous example of elves in swords & sorcery would be the Melnibonéans from Michael Moorcock’s Elric saga. Melnibonéans are basically evil elves, and in some of the stories where Elric is transported to other worlds, he’s called an elf by other characters.

Back to the Worms

In addition to Arthurian legend, though, the old pulp fantasy writers and even Tolkien had another influence: E. R. Eddison. His classic novel The Worm Ouroboros has demons, witches, goblins, and pixies as main characters. The demons have small horns, the “races” don’t have any recognizable features that I recall, although I believe Lord Gro (the goblin) is said to be shorter than the others, so maybe that’s a racial feature.

You could argue, then, that these “races” aren’t fantastic non-humans or even variant humans, but just people living in various countries. This could, in fact, be one reason why swords & sorcery has a lot of human races, but seemingly no non-human races except in opposition to humanity as menaces. But both C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien read The Worm Ouroboros, too. Which leads to my big question…

Are Tolkien’s Races Non-Human?

Post-Tolkien fantasy and fantasy RPGs, including D&D, consider elves, dwarves, halflings, and orcs to be non-human. Most people would probably say that’s because they are non-human in the source material. But are they?

The gimmick in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings is that Tolkien made languages and a detailed history of Middle Earth, describing the interactions of the elves, dwarves, and orcs with the human nations. It’s as if they were simply other civilizations living nearby, engaged in trade and conflict with each other. This is not how the fae are presented in folk tales, where they are inherently magical and operate on their own logic, difficult for human beings to understand. Tolkien’s elves are described as magical by other characters, especially the hobbits, but not in the same way. It’s more like they are incredibly good at a lot of mundane skills, plus some of them know an occasional spell. They are basically just fancy people.

This fits in with trends that predate Tolkien. His mentor, George MacDonald, described goblins in The Princess and the Goblin as originally being human beings who moved underground. This is because in the 19th and early 20th century, myths and legends were assumed to have forgotten mundane explanations. This is also the working assumption of the pulp fantasy writers. Now, neither they nor Tolkien were above tossing in something truly fantastic, like serpent-folk or ents or barrow-wights. But Tolkien had such an impact on fantasy precisely because he created so much mundane detail about his elves, dwarves, hobbits, and orcs in order to make them feel real.

Maybe in a future post, I’ll tackle the problem of how to decide when to adapt a fantasy race as a PC race and when to leave it as NPC only, or even keep it as a one-off. But I think this post is long enough for now.

Creative Commons license